Destination-specific network management

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for providing destination-specific network management are described. One example method includes identifying a data movement rule associated with a set of one or more computers, the data movement rule including one or more criteria identifying restricted data movement, and one or more actions to take when a computer from the set of computers violates the data movement rule, detecting a data movement associated with a computer from the set of computers, the data movement including data being transferred from the computer to a destination, determining that the detected data movement violates the data movement rule, and performing the one or more actions associated with the data movement rule upon determining that the data movement violates the data movement rule.

BACKGROUND

This specification generally relates to providing destination-specific network management.

In corporate and other networks, computers connected to an internal network may send data to destinations connected to wider, public networks such as the Internet. In such a configuration, data loss may occur when data is transferred from the computers to an unauthorized destination. For example, malicious code may be installed on a computer and used to send data originating within the network over the public network to a remote, and sometimes undesirable, destination. In some cases, the data may be encrypted prior to sending, making it difficult or impossible to examine the contents of the data as it is being transmitted.

SUMMARY

In general, one aspect of the subject matter described in this specification may be embodied in systems, and methods performed by data processing apparatuses that include the actions of identifying a data movement rule associated with a set of one or more computers, the data movement rule including one or more criteria identifying restricted data movement, and one or more actions to take when a computer from the set of computers violates the data movement rule, detecting a data movement associated with a computer from the set of computers, the data movement including data being transferred from the computer to a destination, determining that the detected data movement violates the data movement rule, and performing the one or more actions associated with the data movement rule upon determining that the data movement violates the data movement rule.

Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and potential advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example environment.

FIG. 2 is a message flow diagram of an example interaction between the components of the example network to perform destination-specific server management.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an example process of performing destination-specific server management.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of computing devices that may be used to implement the systems and methods described in this document.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Data loss in a network may occur when data is sent from a computer on the network to an unauthorized or otherwise undesirable destination. For example, an unauthorized program running on a computer may access private data and send the data to a destination outside the network. In another example, a hacker may gain access to the network and attempt to extract private data from computers on the network. In some cases, such unauthorized data movement may be identified based on the destination to which the data is transferred. For example, if a computer that ordinarily should only be sending data to North America suddenly performs a large transfer to another destination outside North America, this may be indicative of improper data transfer, or more generally, data loss.

Accordingly, the present disclosure describes a solution that monitors data movement for one or more computers on a network. The solution may be configured with one or more rules to apply to the monitored network traffic, as well as one or more associated actions to be taken when the rule is violated. For example, the solution may be configured with a rule stating that a computer should be quarantined (e.g., isolated from the public network, and thus not allowed to transmit data to destinations outside the local area network in which the computer resides) if more than one gigabyte of data is transferred to a destination in the country of Country X over a period of an hour. The solution may then monitor data movement from the computer to Country X, and keep a running total of the amount of data transferred from the computer. If the running total reaches one gigabyte within an hour, the computer may be quarantined (e.g., disconnected from the network to disable all transfers, or, alternatively, only outbound transfers). In some implementations, quarantining a computer may include only severing connections from the computer to the destination associated with the unauthorized transfer, or otherwise limiting the computer's network access to that destination. In some cases, the solution may be configured to perform additional actions, such as alerting a network administrator to the unauthorized transfer, either instead of or in addition to quarantining the computer.

In some implementations, the solution may perform data movement monitoring by examining network traffic flowing from an internal network (such as a local area network (LAN) to which the monitored servers are connected) to a public network such as the Internet. The solution may be placed in the data path, or may indirectly monitor network activity such as in a tap or span configuration. The solution may maintain and update data movement statistics for all the servers connected to the internal network, and may perform actions on the servers when unauthorized data movement violating the data movement rules is detected. In some implementations, the destination to which data movement is occurring is determined by geo-locating an address (e.g., an IP address) or other identifier associated with the destination. Individual IP addresses or ranges of IP addresses can also have data movement rules applied to them. For example, a company could configure a rule to limit data movement to a block of IP addresses known to be owned by a competitor, or any other corporate or governmental entity.

In some implementations, the solution may also monitor and control data movement between multiple internal networks. For example, a network owner may wish to monitor all data movement occurring from a research and development (R&D) LAN to other LANs within the company, and quarantine a computer on the R&D LAN if a large transfer is detected, as such a transfer may be indicative of potentially significant data loss.

The present solution may provide several potential advantages. First, unauthorized data movement, and thus data loss, may be detected and prevented, or at least mitigated, automatically. Additionally, the present solution allows network administrators to apply different rules to different servers or sets of servers. For example, an administrator might configure a first rule to quarantine one computer if a transfer to Country X is detected, and configure a second rule to quarantine another computer if a transfer to Country Y is detected. This flexibility allows the network administrator to more efficiently manage the network. Further, by applying security measures based on the volume of data movement rather than the content of the data being moved, encrypted data movement may be monitored and controlled even without encrypting and inspecting the encrypted data in question.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example environment 100 in which various aspects of the subject matter described here may be implemented. The environment includes an internal network 110 separated from the Internet 150 by a data monitoring system 130. One or more servers 120 a-c are connected to the internal network 110. A database 140 including data movement logs 142 and data movement rules 144 is communicatively coupled to the data monitoring system 130. The Internet 150 connects the internal network 110 to various destinations, including destinations 160 and 170 shown in FIG. 1.

In one example implementation, data moving from one of the servers 120 a-c will be detected by the data monitoring system 130. In some cases, the data will flow through the data monitoring system 130, much like a proxy server or gateway configuration. The data movement may also be detected indirectly by the data monitoring system 130, such that the system need not be in the data path (e.g., a tap or span configuration). When data movement is detected, the data monitoring system 130 determines whether the movement violates the one or more data movement rules 144 stored or otherwise maintained in the database 140. The data movement rules 144 may specify one or more criteria which, if met, will cause one or more actions to occur. For example, a data movement rule may state that any data movement to a destination in the country of Country X (e.g., destination 170) from web server 120 a will cause the network access of web server 120 a to be completely severed for a period of time, either entirely (i.e., both inbound and outbound traffic) or selectively (e.g., only outbound traffic). This type of action may be referred to as “quarantining” the web server 120 a. In another example, a data movement rule may state that if more than one gigabyte of data is transferred to the Country X destination 170 over a period of time (e.g., 30 minutes), then the web server 120 a should be quarantined. Particulars of the data movement rules 144 are discussed below.

In some implementations, determining the destination of data movements is performed by geo-locating the destination IP address to which the data movement is occurring. Data movement rules may apply to a geographic region, such as a country, city or other locality, or to a set of such destinations. In some cases, determining the destination may include comparing the destination IP address to which the data is moving to a list or range of IP addresses to which the data movement rule applies. For example, a company owning the internal network 110 might want to prohibit any data from moving from the one or more servers 120 a-c to a competitor having IP addresses in a certain range. A data movement rule could be configured to quarantine any server from which data movement to a destination IP address in that range originates.

As shown FIG. 1, the environment 100 includes an internal network 110. In some implementations, the internal network 110 may be an IP network to which the one or more servers 120 a-c are connected. The internal network 110 may be separated from the Internet 150 by one or more firewalls, proxy servers, and/or the data monitoring system 130.

In some implementations, the internal network 110 may include one or more servers 120 a-c. In some implementations, the one or more servers may include servers of different types, such as, for example, a web server 120 a, a file server 120 b, and an email server 120 c. Each of the one or more servers may be specifically designed to perform tasks associated with its type, or the servers may each be general-purpose machines that have been configured to the associated type. For example, the web server 120 a may be a general-purpose server that has been configured with web server software to function as a web server.

In some implementations, the one or more servers 120 a-c are configured to receive requests from the Internet 150 and respond to those requests. For example, the web server 120 a may be configured to receive requests formatted according to the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and respond with webpages associated with the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or URLs in the request. These requests and their associated responses may be monitored by the data monitoring system 130, as described below.

The illustrated environment 100 also includes a data monitoring system 130. In some implementations, the data monitoring system 130 is a server connected to the internal network 110 that acts as a gateway between the internal network 110 and the Internet 150. In such a configuration, all network traffic to and from the one or more servers 120 a-c passes through the data monitoring system 130. The data monitoring system 130 may function as a proxy server in such a configuration. The data monitoring system 130 may also analyze data being sent to and from the one or more servers 120 a-c.

The data monitoring system 130 may also be arranged in a tap or span configuration, such that data from the internal network 110 does not flow through it, but instead the data monitoring system 130 monitors the data passively, such as by receiving notifications from another component of data transfers.

In some implementations, the data monitoring system 130 includes a data movement monitor 132. The data movement monitor 132 may identify data movements occurring between the one or more servers 120 a-c and various destinations connected to the Internet 150. In some implementations, the data movement monitor 132 may determine a geographic location associated with a destination to which data is moving. The data movement monitor 132 may make this determination by geo-locating an IP address associated with the destination. For example, in the illustrated implementation, the destination 160 may be geo-located to a location within the United States, while the destination 170 may be geo-located to a location within the country of Country X. In some cases, the destination may be determined by comparing a destination IP address to a stored range of IP addresses. For example, IP addresses with a first octet of “155” may belong to a competitor of the owner of the internal network 110, and thus may be identified in the database and have data movement rules associated with them. In some implementations, these IP address ranges may be specified using a mask notation, such that the above range would be defined as “155.255.255.255.”

In some implementations, the data movement monitor 132 may store identified data movements in the database 140, such as in the data movement logs 142. These features are discussed in greater detail below.

As shown, the data monitoring system 130 may include a rules engine 134. In some implementations, the rules engine 134 may determine whether a certain data movement event from the one or more servers 120 a-c violates the one or more data movement rules 144 stored in the database 140. For example, if a data movement event is detected from the web server 120 a to the Country X destination 170, the rules engine 134 may determine that this data movement violates one of the data movement rules 144. If the rules engine 134 determines that the data movement violates one of the data movement rules 144, the rules engine 134 may perform the one or more actions associated with the data movement rule that was violated. For example, if the data movement rule associated with the Country X destination 170 has an associated action indicating that the offending server should be quarantined, the rules engine 134 would quarantine the web server 120 a in response to the rule being violated.

In the illustrated example, the data monitoring system 130 is connected to a database 140. In some implementations, the database 140 is stored on the same server as the data monitoring system 130. The database 140 may also be stored on a separate server and accessed by the data monitoring system 130 over a network. The database 140 may be any proprietary or commercially available database system or format, including, but not limited to, MySQL®, Microsoft® SQLServer, IBM® DB2, Oracle®, SQLite, or any other suitable database system or format. The database 140 may also be a distributed database running on a plurality of servers. In some implementations, the database 140 may be a configuration file or set of configuration files associated with the data monitoring system 130. The data monitoring system 130 may examine these configuration files to determine the currently configured rules and associated actions.

In some implementations, the database 140 includes a set of data movement logs 142. In some instances, the data movement logs 142 include a historical record of data movement from the one or more servers 120 a-c. For example, a data transfer from the web server 120 a and the Country X destination 170 may be represented in the data movement logs 142 as a series of records indicating various amounts of data being transferred. Each record may indicate a certain number of packets or other amount of data transferred in an amount of time. In some implementations, the rules engine 134 may examine the data movement logs 142 to determine whether a detected data movement, in addition to past data movements, violates one or more of the data movement rules 144.

The database 140 may also include a set of data movement rules 144. In some implementations, the data movement rules 144 may specify conditions that, when met, will cause one or more associated actions to occur. For example, the data movement rule may specify that when a transfer of greater than one gigabyte is detected within an hour between the web server 120 a and the Country X destination 170, the server should be quarantined for five minutes and an administrator should be alerted. The data movement rules 144 may be stored in a table or tables within the database, and may be stored in any suitable format. In some implementations, a single data movement rule may apply to a set including multiple servers. In such cases, the data movement rule, such as the violation conditions and the actions to be taken upon violation, may be configured in one table and may be assigned to the different servers in a second table.

As shown in FIG. 1, the data monitoring system 130 may be connected to the Internet 150. In some implementations, the Internet 150 is the public Internet. The Internet 150 may also be any network or combination of networks accessible from the internal network 110. In such an implementation, the Internet 150 may be replaced by another network or combination of networks, which may be public, private, or a combination of the two. In some implementations, the Internet 150 is a distributed network utilizing the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in combination with HTTP to transmit requests to servers connected to the Internet 150, and to transmit responses from the servers to the requesting clients. The Internet 150 provides connectivity from the internal network 110 to one or more destinations 160 and 170.

FIG. 2 is a message flow diagram of an example interaction 200 between the components of the example network to destination-specific server management. In some implementations, the interaction 200 may include additional and/or different components not shown in the message flow diagram. Components may also be omitted from the interaction 200, and additional messages may be added to the interaction 200.

At 205, the web server 120 a attempts to send data to the U.S. destination 160. In the illustrated implementation, the data is received by the data monitoring system 130. In a tap or span implementation, the data may be observed by the data monitoring system 130 as it is being sent to the U.S. destination 160. In some implementations, the data sent at 205 may be in response to a request received from the US destination 160. For example, the web server 120 a may send an HTTP “200 OK” message including the contents of a webpage in response to an HTTP GET message received from the US destination 160.

At 210, the data monitoring system 130 requests a data movement rule matching the data movement detected at 205 from the database 140. In some implementations, the data monitoring system 130 requests the data movement rule by sending a Structured Query Language (SQL) query to the database 140. The data monitoring system 130 may also select matching data movement rules directly from the database 140. The data monitoring system 130 may also select matching data movement rules directly from the database 140, such as by examining an associated configuration resource such as a configuration file.

At 215, the database 140 responds that no rule corresponding to the data movement was found. In some implementations, this response may indicate that no rows were found matching the SQL query. At 220, the data monitoring system 130 forwards the data sent by the web server 120 a at 205 to the U.S. destination 160. Additional responses received from the U.S. destination 160 destined for the web server 120 a may be received by the data monitoring system 130 and forwarded to the web server 120 a. These steps are not shown in FIG. 2.

At 225, the web server 120 a attempts to send data to the Country X destination 170. In the illustrated implementation, the data is received by the data monitoring system 130. In a tap or span implementation, the data may be observed by the data monitoring system 130 as it is being sent to the Country X destination 170. In some implementations, the data sent at 225 may be in response to a request received from the Country X destination 170. For example, the web server 120 a may send an HTTP “200 OK” message including the contents of a webpage in response to an HTTP GET message received from the Country X destination 170.

At 230, the data monitoring system 130 requests a data movement rule matching the data movement detected at 225 from the database 140. In some implementations, the data monitoring system 130 requests the data movement rule by sending a Structured Query Language (SQL) query to the database 140. The data monitoring system 130 may also select matching data movement rules directly from the database 140, such as by examining an associated configuration resource such as a configuration file.

At 235, the database 140 responds with a rule associated with the data movement. For example, the returned rule may be associated with the web server 120 a and the destination 170. In some cases, the returned rule may be associated with a geographic area including the destination 170. For example, the returned rule may be associated with the entire country of Country X, and thus be associated with the destination 170.

At 240, a determination is made whether the data movement detected at 225 violates the data movement rule. For example, the determination may include comparing the observed amount of data movement between the web server 120 a and the destination 170 with a threshold amount associated with the data movement rule. For example, the data movement rule may specify that the transfer of more than one gigabyte of information from the web server 120 a to Country X in an hour violates the rule. If only 500 megabytes of data movement has been detected in the last hour, the data movement rule has not been violated. However, if one gigabyte of data movement has been detected, then the data movement rule has been violated.

In some implementations, the determination may include comparing the observed data rate between the web server 120 a and the destination 170 with a threshold rate associated with the data movement rule. For example, the data movement rule may specify that a transfer rate of more than 50 megabits per second for a period of thirty seconds from the web server 120 a to Country X violates the rule. If the aggregate data rate from web server 120 a to Country X exceeds this value for this amount of time, the data movement rule has been violated.

In some implementations, a data movement rule may be used to alert or quarantine a server based on an aggregate observed data rate to all destinations. For example, applications like BitTorrent may connect and transfer data to various hosts that may not be related geographically. A data movement rule could be configured so that if the server exceeds a certain aggregate data rate to all destinations over a certain period of time, the data movement rule has been violated.

If it is determined that the data movement violates the rule, the sequence continues to 245, where the web server 120 a is quarantined. In some implementations, quarantining the web server 120 a includes severing all active connections to the web server 120 a and preventing future connections for a period of time. Quarantining may also include placing the web server 120 a into a restricted network profile for a certain period of time. For example, web server 120 a may be placed into a restricted network profile in which the server is allowed to access only internal network resources for a period of time.

Although the action of quarantining the server is shown at 245, any suitable action or combination of actions may be performed at 245, including, but not limited to, disabling Internet access of the web server 120 a entirely, disabling Internet access for all servers on the internal network 110, notifying a network administrator or other personnel of the violation, providing a web page or other notification to the destination alerting them of the violation, adding the IP address associated with the violation to a blacklist, or any other suitable action.

If it is determined that the data movement does not violate the rule under consideration, the sequence continues to 250, where the data is forwarded by the data monitoring system 130 to the Country X destination 170. Additional responses received from the U.S. destination 160 destined for the web server 120 a, such as those containing additional information related to the request, may be received by the data monitoring system 130 and forwarded to the web server 120 a. These steps are not shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an example process 300 of performing destination-specific server management.

At 305, a data movement rule associated with a set of one or more servers is identified, the data movement rule including one or more criteria identifying restricted data movement, and one or more actions to take when a server from the set of servers violates the data movement rule. In some implementations, the data movement rule may be identified by a data monitoring system (e.g., 130) such as that described relative to FIG. 1.

At 310, a data movement associated with a server from the set of servers is detected, the data movement including data being transferred from the server to a destination. In some implementations, the data movement rule may be detected by the data monitoring system 130 described relative to FIG. 1.

At 315, a determination is made whether the detected data movement violates the data movement rule. In some implementations, this determination is made by examining data movement logs (e.g., 142) showing historical data movement associated with the set of servers. In some cases, if there is a rule associated with the server from which the data movement occurred, and the total amount of data movement is greater than a threshold associated with the rule, the rule has been violated.

At 320, the one or more actions associated with the data movement rule are performed upon determining that the data movement violates the data movement rule. As discussed previously, the one or more actions may include quarantining the server associated with the violation, quarantining all servers in the set of servers, notifying a network administrator or other personnel of the violation, providing a notification to the destination alerting them of the violation, adding the IP address associated with the violation to a blacklist, or any other suitable action.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of computing devices 400, 450 that may be used to implement the systems and methods described in this document, as either a client or as a server or plurality of servers. Computing device 400 is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers. Computing device 450 is intended to represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smartphones, and other similar computing devices. Additionally computing device 400 or 450 can include Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drives. The USB flash drives may store operating systems and other applications. The USB flash drives can include input/output components, such as a wireless transmitter or USB connector that may be inserted into a USB port of another computing device. The components shown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, and are not meant to limit implementations of the inventions described and/or claimed in this document.

Computing device 400 includes a processor 402, memory 404, a storage device 406, a high-speed interface 408 connecting to memory 404 and high-speed expansion ports 410, and a low speed interface 412 connecting to low speed bus 414 and storage device 406. Each of the components 402, 404, 406, 408, 410, and 412, are interconnected using various busses, and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. The processor 402 can process instructions for execution within the computing device 400, including instructions stored in the memory 404 or on the storage device 406 to display graphical information for a GUI on an external input/output device, such as display 416 coupled to high speed interface 408. In other implementations, multiple processors and/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices 400 may be connected, with each device providing portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system).

The memory 404 stores information within the computing device 400. In one implementation, the memory 404 is a volatile memory unit or units. In another implementation, the memory 404 is a non-volatile memory unit or units. The memory 404 may also be another form of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk.

The storage device 406 is capable of providing mass storage for the computing device 400. In one implementation, the storage device 406 may be or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices in a storage area network or other configurations. A computer program product can be tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product may also contain instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The information carrier is a computer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory 404, the storage device 406, or memory on processor 402.

The high speed controller 408 manages bandwidth-intensive operations for the computing device 400, while the low speed controller 412 manages lower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of functions is exemplary only. In one implementation, the high-speed controller 408 is coupled to memory 404, display 416 (e.g., through a graphics processor or accelerator), and to high-speed expansion ports 410, which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, low-speed controller 412 is coupled to storage device 406 and low-speed expansion port 414. The low-speed expansion port, which may include various communication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet) may be coupled to one or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking device such as a switch or router, e.g., through a network adapter.

The computing device 400 may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a standard server 420, or multiple times in a group of such servers. It may also be implemented as part of a rack server system 424. In addition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptop computer 422. Alternatively, components from computing device 400 may be combined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), such as device 450. Each of such devices may contain one or more of computing device 400, 450, and an entire system may be made up of multiple computing devices 400, 450 communicating with each other.

Computing device 450 includes a processor 452, memory 464, an input/output device such as a display 454, a communication interface 466, and a transceiver 468, among other components. The device 450 may also be provided with a storage device, such as a microdrive or other device, to provide additional storage. Each of the components 450, 452, 464, 454, 466, and 468, are interconnected using various buses, and several of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate.

The processor 452 can execute instructions within the computing device 450, including instructions stored in the memory 464. The processor may be implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate and multiple analog and digital processors. Additionally, the processor may be implemented using any of a number of architectures. For example, the processor 452 may be a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) processor, a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processor, or an MISC (Minimal Instruction Set Computer) processor. The processor may provide, for example, for coordination of the other components of the device 450, such as control of user interfaces, applications run by device 450, and wireless communication by device 450.

Processor 452 may communicate with a user through control interface 458 and display interface 456 coupled to a display 454. The display 454 may be, for example, a TFT (Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) display or an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display, or other appropriate display technology. The display interface 456 may comprise appropriate circuitry for driving the display 454 to present graphical and other information to a user. The control interface 458 may receive commands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor 452. In addition, an external interface 462 may be provided in communication with processor 452, so as to enable near area communication of device 450 with other devices. External interface 462 may provide, for example, for wired communication in some implementations, or for wireless communication in other implementations, and multiple interfaces may also be used.

The memory 464 stores information within the computing device 450. The memory 464 can be implemented as one or more of a computer-readable medium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatile memory unit or units. Expansion memory 474 may also be provided and connected to device 450 through expansion interface 472, which may include, for example, a SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module) card interface. Such expansion memory 474 may provide extra storage space for device 450, or may also store applications or other information for device 450. Specifically, expansion memory 474 may include instructions to carry out or supplement the processes described above, and may include secure information also. Thus, for example, expansion memory 474 may be provided as a security module for device 450, and may be programmed with instructions that permit secure use of device 450. In addition, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards, along with additional information, such as placing identifying information on the SIMM card in a non-hackable manner.

The memory may include, for example, flash memory and/or NVRAM memory, as discussed below. In one implementation, a computer program product is tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product contains instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The information carrier is a computer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory 464, expansion memory 474, or memory on processor 452 that may be received, for example, over transceiver 468 or external interface 462.

Device 450 may communicate wirelessly through communication interface 466, which may include digital signal processing circuitry where necessary. Communication interface 466 may provide for communications under various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls, SMS, EMS, or MMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, or GPRS, among others. Such communication may occur, for example, through radio-frequency transceiver 468. In addition, short-range communication may occur, such as using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other such transceiver (not shown). In addition, GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver module 470 may provide additional navigation- and location-related wireless data to device 450, which may be used as appropriate by applications running on device 450.

Device 450 may also communicate audibly using audio codec 460, which may receive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digital information. Audio codec 460 may likewise generate audible sound for a user, such as through a speaker, e.g., in a handset of device 450. Such sound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recorded sound (e.g., voice messages, music files, etc.) and may also include sound generated by applications operating on device 450.

The computing device 450 may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a cellular telephone 480. It may also be implemented as part of a smartphone 482, personal digital assistant, or other similar mobile device.

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various implementations can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium” refer to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniques described here can be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor) for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user, as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component (e.g., as a data server), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the systems and techniques described here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, or front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), peer-to-peer networks (having ad-hoc or static members), grid computing infrastructures, and the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

Although a few implementations have been described in detail above, other modifications are possible. In addition, the logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. Other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method performed by one or more data processing apparatus, the method comprising: identifying a data movement rule associated with a set of one or more computers, the data movement rule including one or more criteria identifying restricted data movement, and one or more actions to take when a computer from the set of computers violates the data movement rule, the one or more criteria associated with the data movement rule including a data movement threshold specifying an amount of data; detecting a data movement associated with a computer from the set of computers, the data movement including data being transferred from the computer to a destination, wherein at least part of the detecting occurs during the data movement; determining that the detected data movement violates the data movement rule based at least in part on an amount of data associated with the detected data movement exceeding the data movement threshold associated with the data movement rule; and performing the one or more actions associated with the data movement rule upon determining that the data movement violates the data movement rule.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more criteria associated with the data movement rule include a data movement destination specifying a location to which data is moving.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the data movement destination includes at least one of: a country, a region, a city, an Internet Protocol (IP) address range, or an enterprise facility.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein determining that the data movement violates the data movement rule comprises: determining that an amount of data associated with the data movement is greater than the data movement threshold associated with the data movement rule; and determining that the destination associated with the data movement matches the data movement destination associated with the data movement rule.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the data movement destination includes a wildcard destination indicating that data movement to any destination will violate that portion of the data movement restriction.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein determining that the data movement violates the data movement rule includes determining that a data rate associated with the data movement is greater than a data rate threshold associated with the data movement rule.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more actions associated with the data movement rule include at least one of: disabling the computer for an amount of time, or alerting an administrator of the data movement.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the data movement includes determining an amount of data being moved and determining the destination to which the data is being moved.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the destination to which the data is being moved includes geo-locating an IP address to which the data is being moved.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the data movement occurs from a private network to a public network.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the data movement occurs from a first private network to a second private network.
 12. A system comprising: a processor configured to execute computer program instructions; and a computer storage medium encoded with computer program instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to perform operations comprising: identifying a data movement rule associated with a set of one or more computers, the data movement rule including one or more criteria identifying restricted data movement, and one or more actions to take when a computer from the set of computers violates the data movement rule, the one or more criteria associated with the data movement rule including a data movement threshold specifying an amount of data; detecting a data movement associated with a computer from the set of computers, the data movement including data being transferred from the computer to a destination, wherein at least part of the detecting occurs during the data movement; determining that the detected data movement violates the data movement rule based at least in part on an amount of data associated with the detected data movement exceeding the data movement threshold associated with the data movement rule; and performing the one or more actions associated with the data movement rule upon determining that the data movement violates the data movement rule.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more criteria associated with the data movement rule include a data movement destination specifying a location to which data is moving.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the data movement destination includes at least one of: a country, a region, a city, an Internet Protocol (IP) address range, or an enterprise facility.
 15. The system of claim 13, wherein determining that the data movement violates the data movement rule comprises: determining that an amount of data associated with the data movement is greater than the data movement threshold associated with the data movement rule; and determining that the destination associated with the data movement matches the data movement destination associated with the data movement rule.
 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the data movement destination includes a wildcard destination indicating that data movement to any destination will violate that portion of the data movement restriction.
 17. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more actions associated with the data movement rule include at least one of: disabling the computer for an amount of time, or alerting an administrator of the data movement.
 18. The system of claim 12, wherein monitoring the data movement includes determining an amount of data being moved and determining the destination to which the data is being moved.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein determining the destination to which the data is being moved includes geo-locating an IP address to which the data is being moved.
 20. The system of claim 12, wherein the data movement occurs from a private network to a public network. 